Quick answer
Two reminders is usually the right number: a soft nudge a few days after the invitation, and a deadline reminder a few days before the cutoff. Send both to non-responders only, and keep the RSVP link at the top of the message.
The audience rule comes first
A reminder is only ever for people who have not answered. Sending "please RSVP" to someone who replied a fortnight ago tells them their answer went nowhere, and it makes your next message easier to skip. Any tool worth using filters this for you; if yours does not, that is a good reason to change tools.
Reminder one: the soft nudge
Send it roughly four to seven days after the invitation. The framing is that the invitation may have been missed, not that the guest is late — because at that point, they are not.
This one recovers the largest group: people who opened the first email at a bad moment.
Reminder two: the deadline
Send it three to five days before your published deadline, and state the date plainly. Vagueness is what created the pending list in the first place.
When a third reminder is justified
Rarely, and never as another mass send. After two reminders, the remaining names are individuals with reasons. Message them personally, or accept the decline implicitly and plan around it. A third automated email mostly damages goodwill with people you will see at the event anyway.
Set it once instead of remembering it twice
Both reminders can be scheduled as rules when you create the event — for example, "days after invitation sent" for the nudge and "days before the RSVP deadline" for the second — so they fire whether or not you remember. In Inviterio you can preview exactly what a reminder will look like before it sends, and check afterwards how many were delivered and opened.
One thing reminders must respect
If a guest has opted out of messages, reminders stop for them — permanently, not until you resend the invitation. That is both good manners and, for anything commercial, a legal requirement. What still reaches them are the essentials: their own RSVP confirmation, or a notice that an event they were attending has been cancelled.